What are kidney stones?
Kidney stones (urolithiasis) form when minerals such as calcium, oxalate, or phosphate build up and crystallize in the urine. These crystals can block urine flow and cause severe pain or inflammation.
Main causes:
- Dehydration (not drinking enough water)
- Excessive intake of salty or fatty foods
- Family history of kidney stones
- Urinary tract infections
- Metabolic and hormonal disorders
Symptoms:
- Sudden, intense pain in the lower back or side
- Blood in urine (pink or reddish color)
- Burning sensation during urination
- Nausea or vomiting
- Frequent urge to urinate in small amounts
Diagnosis:
- Ultrasound scan
- Multislice CT scan (MSCT)
- Urine and blood tests
Treatment options:
- Medications to help pass small stones
- Lithotripsy (ultrasound or laser stone breaking)
- Surgical removal for large stones
- Diet and hydration management
